[Results and complications of TVT procedure in the surgical treatment of female stress incontinence]. / Resultados y complicaciones de la técnica TVT en el tratamiento de la incontinencia de esfuerzo femenina.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of Tension-free vaginal tape (TVT) for treatment of female stress urinary incontinence (SUI). To determine the mid-term outcome of TVT performed during other pelvic floor reconstructive procedures. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 100 women with SUI undergoing TVT procedure under spinal anesthesia from January 2000 to November 2002 were studied. 76 women were treated with TVT alone. 24 patients were treated with TVT and pelvic floor reconstruction: we repaired 24 cystoceles grade II-III, 3 rectoceles and 4 concomitant vaginal histerectomies. RESULTS: Mean age was 49.3 years (range 35-78). Mean parity: 2 (range 0-6) and mean operative time was 38 minutes (range 20 to 50). The postoperative hospital stay was 24 hours for women treated with TVT alone. Only 1 patient (1%) need bladder catheterization during 7 days due to urinary retention. Mean followup was 18 months (range 12-48). Objective cure rate was 95%. In our study the rate of de novo post-operative urge symptoms (16%) was the most frequent complication. Bladder injury was the most grave problem and it happened in 1 patient (1%). CONCLUSION: The results confirm the feasibility and safety of TVT for treatment of SUI. Moreover, TVT procedure is economical and efectiveness. Pelvic floor defects, benign uterine disorders and SUI can be safely treated with TVT and vaginal procedures during the same surgical time.

Resultados y complicaciones de la técnica TVT en el tratamiento de la incontinencia de esfuerzo femenina / Results and complications of TVT procedure for surgical treatment of female stress incontinence

Objetivos: Evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de la cinta vaginal sin tensión (TVT) en el tratamiento de la incontinencia urinaria de esfuerzo femenina (IUE).Analizar los resultados a medio plazo de la asociación de la TVT con la corrección quirúrgica de prolapsos genitales. Pacientes y método: Se estudian 100 pacientes con IUE intervenidas de forma consecutiva en nuestro centro bajo anestesia regional. A todas ellas se les implantó la TVT y en 24 casos además, se corrigió un cistocele grado II-III. Fue necesario en 3de estas 24 pacientes reparar un rectocele y se practicaron 4 histerectomías vaginales en el mismo acto quirúrgico. Resultados: La edad media de las mujeres fue de 49,3 años (35-78), el número promedio de partos de 2 (0-6), la duración media de la intervención de 38 minutos (20-50) y todas las pacientes a las que se colocó la TVT sin otras correcciones quirúrgicas obtuvieron el alta hospitalaria a las 24 horas de la intervención. Tan sólo una paciente precisó de sonda varios días por retención urinaria. El tiempo medio de seguimiento fue de 18 meses (12-48) y la IUE se solucionó en el 95% de los casos. Como complicación más frecuente observamos la aparición de hiperactividad detrusorial sintomática “de novo” en el 16% de la serie; la perforación vesical en una de las pacientes fue el problema más grave. Conclusiones: La TVT es una técnica sencilla, segura, eficaz y relativamente económica para el tratamiento de la IUE. La TVT puede asociarse con éxito a la corrección quirúrgica de prolapsos genitales. Este hecho prolonga la estancia hospitalaria en 48 horas sin incrementar la morbilidad de la cirugía (AU)

Objetives: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of Tension-free vaginal tape (TVT) for treatment of female stress urinary incontinence(SUI).To determine the mid-term outcome of TVT performed during other pelvic floor reconstructive procedures. Patients and methods: 100 women with SUI undergoing TVT procedure under spinal anesthesia from January 2000 to November 2002 were studied.76 women were treated with TVT alone. 24 patients were treated with TVT and pelvic floor reconstruction: we repaired 24cystoceles grade II-III, 3 rectoceles and 4 concomitant vaginal histerectomies. Results: Mean age was 49,3 years (range 35-78). Mean parity: 2 (range 0-6) and mean operative time was 38 minutes (range20 to 50). The postoperative hospital stay was 24 hours for women treated with TVT alone. Only 1 patient (1%) need bladder catheterization during 7 days due to urinary retention. Mean follow up was 18 months (range 12-48). Objetive: cure rate was 95%. In our study the rate of de novo post-operative urge symptoms (16%) was the most frequent complication. Bladder injury was the most grave problem and it happened in 1patient (1%). Conclusion: The results confirm the feasibility and safety of TVT for treatment of SUI. Moreover, TVT procedure is economical and efectiveness. Pelvic floor defects, benign uterine disorders and SUI can be safely treated with TVT and vaginal procedures during the same surgical time (AU)

[Doxazosin in the gastrointestinal therapeutic system (GITS) formulation and trial without catheter after acute urinary retention due to BPH. Dose increase action on recovery effect]. / Doxazosina en formulación de liberación retardada en la retención aguda de orina por hiperplasia benigna de próstata. Acción del incremento de dosis sobre el efecto rescate.

OBJECTIVE: Prospective and randomised study to assess the effectiveness of doxazosin in sustained release formulation in Acute Urinary Retention (AUR) treatment due to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). MATERIAL AND METHODS: The trial was carried out with a cohort of 40 males who had all suffered their first attack of AUR caused by BPH. Twenty were randomly selected and treated for 7 days with 4 mg of sustained release doxazosin before removing the catheter. The patients not treated that could not spontaneously urinate were also administered 4 mg of doxazosin. Finally, all the patients that still had a catheter due to unsuccessful removal were treated with 8 mg of doxazosin and the percentage of patients responding to treatment was assessed. The predictive value of the response to treatment for age, IPSS, QoL, retained urine volume, prostate volume and the evolution time of the prostratism was determined by means of logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: 82.5% of the patients (33/40) could urinate after removal of the catheter. 84.8% (28/33) were treated with doxazosin (21 with 4 mg and 7 with 8 mg). In the first attempt at removal, 60% of the patients (12/20) treated with 4 mg of doxazosin could spontaneously urinate, while only 25% (5/20) of those not treated, p=0.02. Similarly, 60% of the patients (9/15) treated with 4 mg of doxazosin in the second attempt could spontaneously urinate. Fifty per cent (7/14) of the patients still with a catheter, after the treatment with 4 mg of doxazosin, could urinate with 8 mg. In the logistic regression analysis, none of the variables analyzed allowed us to predict the response to the treatment. CONCLUSION: The treatment for 7 days with 4 mg of sustained release doxazosin shows greater success when removing the catheter after suffering AUR due to BPH. With this treatment, 60% of the patients could spontaneously urinate again. By increasing the dose to 8 mg, the catheter can be removed in half the patients that did not initially respond. Before removing the catheter it is not possible to predict which patients would be able to spontaneously urinate.

Doxazosina en formulación de liberación retardada en la retención aguda de orina por hiperplasia benigna de próstata. Acción del incremento de dosis sobre el efecto rescate / Doxazosin in the gastrointestinal therapeutic system (gits) formulation and trial without catheter after acute urinary retention due to bph. Dose increase action on recovery effect

OBJETIVO: Estudio prospectivo y randomizado para valorar la utilidad de la doxazosina en formulación de liberación retardada en la retención aguda de orina (RAO) por hiperplasia benigna de próstata (HBP).MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se estudia una cohorte de 40 varones consecutivos con un primer episodio de RAO por HBP. Veinte son tratados aleatoriamente durante 7 días con 4 mg de doxazosina de liberación retardada antes de la retirada del catéter. Los pacientes no tratados que no restablecieron las micciones espontáneas recibieron también 4 mg de doxazosina. Finalmente, todos los pacientes que persistieron con catéter por retirada infructuosa fueron tratados con 8 mg de doxazosina, evaluándose el porcentaje de pacientes respondedores. Se determina mediante análisis de regresión logística el valor predictivo de la respuesta al tratamiento de la edad, IPSS, QoL, volumen de orina retenido, volumen prostático y tiempo de evolución del prostatismo. RESULTADOS: El 82,5 por ciento de los pacientes (33/40) consiguieron la micción tras la retirada del catéter. El 84,8 por ciento (28/33) fueron tratados con doxazosina (21 con 4 mg y 7 con 8 mg). En el primer intento de retirada, el 60 por ciento de los pacientes (12/20) tratados con 4 mg de doxazosina consiguieron micción espontánea, mientras tan sólo el 25 por ciento (5/20) de los no tratados, p=0,02. Igualmente, el 60 por ciento de los pacientes (9/15) tratados con 4 mg de doxazosina en segunda intención, consiguieron micción espontánea. Finalmente, el 50 por ciento (7/14) de los pacientes portadores de catéter tras el tratamiento con 4 mg de doxazosina consiguieron micción con 8 mg. En el análisis de regresión logística, ninguna de las variables analizadas permitió predecir la respuesta al tratamiento. CONCLUSIÓN: El tratamiento durante 7 días con 4 mg de doxazosina de liberación sostenida permite retirar con mayor éxito el catéter tras RAO por HBP. Con este tratamiento, el 60 por ciento de los pacientes consiguen reanudar la micción espontánea. Incrementando la dosis a 8 mg es posible la retirada del catéter hasta en la mitad de los pacientes inicialmente no respondedores. No es posible predecir, antes de la retirada del catéter, que pacientes conseguirán la micción espontánea (AU)

[Management of penile and scrotal incarceration by a metal object]. / Manejo de la incarceración del pene y escroto por objeto metálico.

Penile incarceration requires urgent management to prevent chief wound. In this article we present two penile and scrotum incarceration cases happened in our center. We contribute to a literature revision where lots of objects are reported. We try to simplify the different resolution techniques.

Manejo de la incarceración del pene y escroto por objeto metálico / Penile and scrotum incarceration by metallic object

La incarceración del pene requiere una actuación urgente para evitar lesiones mayores. En este artículo presentamos dos casos de incarceración de pene y escroto ocurridas en nuestro centro. Aportamos una revisión de la literatura donde se recogen multitud de objetos, e intentamos simplificar las distintas técnicas para su resolución (AU)

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[Cystectomy in superficial bladder tumours. Analysis of criterion include and prediction factors]. / Cistectomía en tumores vesicales superficiales. Análisis de los criterios de inclusión y factores pronósticos.

INTRODUCTION: Though usually the treatment of a superficial bladder tumour consists in transurethral resection, exceptionally because of several clinical conditions, in this kind of patients a radical cystectomy may be suitable. PATIENTS AND METHOD: From june 1986 through december 2001, 127 radical cystectomies were performed. A series of 25 patients with a radical cystectomy performed in superficial bladder tumours were analysed. Indications, anatomo-pathological correlation and clinical evolution with survival curves are analysed. RESULTS: The mean time of follow-up was 47 months. Extensive GIIIpT1 tumours (40%) were the chief indication. The remaining of the series consisted in carcinoma uncontrollable by endoscopy and refractory to chemotherapy. Anatomo-pathological correlation coincided in 48% of patients, existing supra and understaging in 25% and 28% respectively. A period of 54 months was without relapse. Seven patients died during the evolution (28%), and 18 patients are alive without disease. 128,48 months were the mean actuarial survival. CONCLUSIONS: GIIIpT1 tumours were the chief indication of our series. The significant percentage of understaging, poor morbidity and good survival curves are emphasized. Because of these results we consider that radical cystectomies are a viable choice for selected patients with superficial vesical tumour.

Cistectomía en tumores vesicales superficiales. Análisis de los criterios de inclusión y factores pronósticos / Cistectomy in superficial bladder tumours. Analysis of criterion include and prediction factors

INTRODUCCIÓN: Aunque el tratamiento estándar del tumor vesical superficial es la resección transuretral, excepcionalmente y por diversas circunstancias clínicas se puede indicar cistectomía radical en estos pacientes. PACIENTES Y MÉTODO: Entre junio de 1986 y diciembre de 2001 se realizaron 127 cistectomías radicales. Se analizó una serie de 25 pacientes con cistectomía radical realizada en tumores vesicales superficiales. Se analizaron las indicaciones, la correlación anatomo-patológica y la evolución clínica con las curvas de supervivencia. RESULTADOS: El tiempo medio de seguimiento fue de 47 meses. La indicación principal fueron los tumores GIIIpT1 extensos (40 por ciento). El resto de la serie incluía carcinomas no controlables endoscópicamente y refractarios a la quimioterapia. Existió coincidencia en la correlación anatomo-patológica en el 48 por ciento de los pacientes observándose supra e infraestadiaje en el 25 por ciento y 28 por ciento respectivamente. El periodo libre de recidiva fue de 54 meses. En el seguimiento fallecieron siete pacientes (28 por ciento) mientras 18 pacientes (72 por ciento) siguen vivos sin enfermedad. La media de la supervivencia actuarial fue de 128,48 meses. CONCLUSIONES: Los tumores GIIIpT1 fueron la indicación principal de nuestra serie. Destaca el porcentaje significativo de infraestadiaje, la baja morbilidad y las buenas curvas de supervivencia que se obtienen. Estos resultados nos permiten considerar a la cistectomía radical como una alternativa viable en pacientes seleccionados con tumor vesical superficial (AU)

[Cystoscopic impression versus histologic diagnosis in bladder tumors. Do they coincide?]. / La impresión cistoscópica frente al diagnóstico histológico en los tumores vesicales. Coinciden?

OBJECTIVE: How quality control in a university hospital and immediatly after to resents publications; we planed to evaluation of the correlation of cystoscopy impression with the histologic diagnosis after of transurethral resection (TUR). MATERIAL AND METHODS: To give more truthfulness to the study, we requested to all department member's, that to base in your experience to describe the endoscopic characteristic of the next bladder tumors groups: superficial and low-grade GI-II Ta, superficial and high-grade GIII Ta and high grade and/or T1-< T2. In a total of 172 patients, we evaluated the initial cystoscopy impression and we to compared it with histologic diagnosis after to TUR. RESULTS: In 172 tumors the cystoscopy classifed in 69 cases how superficial and low grade GI-II Ta-T1, 40 how superficial and high grade and 55 how high grade and/or invasive tumors GIII T1-< T2. When, we compared it with the histologic diagnosis, the cystoscopy to coincided in 46 de 69 cases (66.6%) (PNS) with the group of low-grade GI-II Ta-T1 in 13 of 40 (32.5%) (P < 0.005) with the group of superficial high grade GIII Ta and 45 of 51 (88.2%) (PNS) with the group of GIII T1 and/or invasive tumors. In 15 of 172 the endoscopic description its not conclusive. And finally in 12 cases the histologic diagnosis were normal. CONCLUSIONS: In order of this results, we to consider that in a university hospital is essential the histologic diagnosis before any therapeutic decision, because the initial cystoscopy impression have a low correlation with the histologic diagnosis. We are disagreement with recent publication that propose the outpatient cystoscopy with fulguration to base only to the cystoscopy impression.

La impresión cistoscópica frente al diagnóstico histológico en los tumores vesicales. ¿Coinciden? / The cystoscopy impression in front of histologic diagnosis in the bladder tumors. To coincide?

OBJETIVO: Como control de calidad en un hospital docente como el nuestro y a raíz de publicaciones recientes al respecto, nos propusimos evaluar la correlación existente entre la impresión cistoscópica de los tumores vesicales y el diagnóstico histológico posterior a la resección transuretral (RTU).MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Para darle mayor objetividad al estudio, solicitamos a todos los miembros del servicio (tanto staff como residentes) que, basados en su experiencia describieran, las características endoscópicas de los siguientes grupos de tumores vesicales: superficiales de bajo grado (T.S.B.G.) GI-II Ta-T1, superficiales de alto grado (T.S.A.G.) GIII Ta, y tumores de alto grado y/o invasivos GIII T1-

OBJETIVE: How quality control in a university hospital and immediatily after to recents publications; we planed to evaluation of the correlation of cystoscopy impression with the histologic diagnosis after of transurethral resection (TUR). MATERIAL AND METHODS: To give more truthfulness to the study, we requested to all departament member’s, that to base in your experience to describe the endoscopic characteric of the next bladder tumors groups: superficial and low-grade GI-II Ta, superficial and high-grade GIII Ta and high grade and/or T1-

[Vesico-sphincter dysfunction in 108 cases of multiple sclerosis]. / Disfunción vésico-esfinteriana en 108 casos de esclerosis múltiple.

OBJECTIVE: To study vesicosphincteric dysfunction in 108 patients with multiple sclerosis. METHODS: We reviewed the clinical records of 108 patients with multiple sclerosis and analyzed those with voiding symptoms ascribable to multiple sclerosis. These patients underwent complete urodynamic assessment and complementary tests according to their symptoms. The Blaivas classification was used for the clinical classification of multiple sclerosis. RESULTS: 64 of the 108 patients presented voiding symptoms ascribable to multiple sclerosis (59.2%). The clinical features presented as episodes in 75% and were progressive in 25% of the cases. In 6% of the patients, the voiding symptoms were the first symptoms of multiple sclerosis. Urodynamic assessment showed detrusor hyperreflexia in 73% of the patients, hyporeflexia in 14%, and 13% showed normal urodynamics. All complications were infective; no patient showed upper urinary tract complications. CONCLUSIONS: Vesicosphincteric dysfunction in multiple sclerosis is frequent. Most of the patients present bladder hyperreflexia. The urological complications are usually infective. Involvement of the upper urinary tract is rare.

Efecto del tratamiento antibiótico sobre el psa y porcentaje de psa libre en pacientes con criterios bioquímicos de biopsia prostática / Effect of antibiotic treatment on serum PSA and percent free PSA levels in patients with biochemical criteria of prostatic biopsy

INTRODUCCIÓN: La determinación de la concentración sérica de PSA es la principal herramienta en el diagnóstico precoz del cáncer de próstata. Sin embargo, es conocida su falta de especificidad por el solapamiento existente con patologías benignas. Aunque es conocido que la inflamación puede contribuir a esta falta de especificidad, existe discrepancia sobre la influencia de los focos inflamatorios prostáticos sobre la concentración de PSA total y libre en pacientes sin evidencia clínica de prostatitis. OBJETIVOS: Analizar las variaciones biológicas intra-individuales de la concentración de PSA y porcentaje de PSA libre (% PSAL) en pacientes con criterios bioquímicos de biopsia prostática, y compararlos con la variación inducida por el tratamiento antibiótico en una cohorte de pacientes con historia de procesos infecciosos. PACIENTES Y MÉTODO: Se analizan 60 pacientes con antecedentes infecciosos, tacto rectal no sospechoso y PSA entre 4 y 20 ng/ml. Se determina la concentración de PSA y % PSAL. Treinta son tratados con 3 semanas de ofloxacino tras lo que se repite la determinación de marcadores. Todos los pacientes son sometidos a biopsia prostática ecodirigida por sextantes. RESULTADOS: 45 pacientes presentaron HBP (29 con focos de prostatitis) y 15 cáncer (T1c). Se encontraron variaciones significativas en el PSA (6,97 ng/ml vs 5,82 ng/ml, p = 0,001) y % PSAL (14,73 % vs 17,77 %, p = 0,01) sólo en los pacientes tratados. Estas diferencias fueron significativas para los pacientes con HBP y HBP con prostatitis asociada y no para los pacientes con cáncer. La tendencia de los pacientes tratados fue a disminuir el PSA (13 pacientes tratados con PSA < 4 ng/ml vs 2 pacientes no tratados) y a incrementar el % PSAL. La variación mediana del % PSAL fue superior a la del PSA y no estuvo influenciada ni por el PSA inicial ni por el volumen prostático. Estableciendo el punto de corte para el % PSAL en 25, se podría reducir el 18,3% de biopsias innecesarias tras la 1ª determinación y el 20% tras la 2ª. Asociando la reducción del PSA se podría reducir hasta el 56% en los pacientes tratados. CONCLUSIÓN: Los criterios bioquímicos de biopsia prostática pueden verse modificados en los pacientes con antecedentes inflamatorios debido a variaciones superiores a las explicadas por la variación biológica intra-individual, y pueden estar inducidas por el tratamiento. Estos resultados sugieren que los focos inflamatorios pueden influir en el PSA y % PSAL (AU)

Ultrastructural morphometry of nucleoli: potential usefulness for objective grading of clear cell renal cell carcinoma.

The authors attempted to determine the potential prognostic value of several ultrastructural morphometric parameters, including nuclear, nucleolar, and cytoplasmic features, that could be used in the objective and reproducible histological grading of clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Several nuclear and cytoplasmic parameters were assessed by ultrastructural morphometry in 26 consecutive cases of clear cell renal cell carcinoma. The nuclear and nucleolar sizes, the number of nucleoli per nuclear section and the number of marginated nucleoli, Fuhrman's nuclear grade, and Robson's stage were recorded. In addition, the proportion of cytoplasmic components was semiquantitatively estimated and compared to light microscopic appearance. Follow-up ranged from 5 to 15 years (mean = 10 years). Statistical evaluations were performed by means of the Pearson or Spearman correlation coefficient tests, and differences in survival were estimated, using the Mantel-Cox proportional risk method. Differences in survival among patients with a mean nuclear area over and under 160 microm2, and among those with a mean nucleolar area over and under 10 microm2, were statistically significant. (Cutoff points were selected at the median value for both parameters; Mantel-Cox test: chi2 = 7.102, p < .01; and chi2 = 11.096, p < .001, respectively). Fuhrman's nuclear grade (p < .01) and tumor stage at diagnosis (p < .001) were also related to survival. These data suggest that, out of all the ultrastructural morphometric features, nucleolar area is the most useful in the reproducible and accurate grading of clear cell renal cell carcinoma.

[Anemia and neoadjuvant hormone therapy in radical surgery of localized cancer of the prostate]. / Anemia y hormonoterapia neoadyuvante en la cirugía radical del cáncer de próstata localizado.

RATIONALE: Erythropoiesis is stimulated by androgens either through a direct action on bone marrow cells or through increased erythropoietin production. Androgen deprivation is a known cause for anaemia. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of neoadjuvant hormone therapy prior to radical surgery on haemoglobin (Hb) and haematocrit (Ht) levels in localised prostate cancer. MATERIAL AND METHOD: 47 patients with clinical localised prostate cancer were given LH-RH analogs plus flutamide for complete androgenic blockade (CAB) for at least 3 months prior to radical prostatectomy. A blood profile was obtained prior to start CAB and 3 months after therapy, and peri-operative transfusional requirements were evaluated. To assess any significant changes. Student's t test was used in the statistical analysis of paired data. RESULTS: In our study all patients (100%) showed decreased Hb and Ht levels after 3 months on CAB. Mean decline for Hb was 1.9 g/dL (range 1.6-2.2) p:0.0001, and for Ht 5.8% (range 4.8-6.8) p:0.0001. Hb was lower than 12 g/dL in 10.6% patients after hormone therapy and anaemia results were normocytic-normochromic. 60% patients needed peri-operative blood transfusion, 2 units of packed cells on average. CONCLUSIONS: Neoadjuvant CAB prior to radical prostatectomy results in a significant decline of Hb and Ht levels after 3 months treatment. Such decline may contribute to increase peri-operative transfusional requirements in a group of patients undergoing aggressive surgery which in itself involves a significant blood loss.

Anemia y hormonoterapia neoadyuvante en la cirugía radical del cáncer de próstata localizado / Anaemia and neoadjuvant hormone therapy in radical surgery of localised prostate cancer

FUNDAMENTO: Los andrógenos estimulan la eritropoyesis por acción directa sobre las células de la médula ósea y por aumento en la producción de eritropoyetina. La deprivación androgénica es una causa conocida de anemia. El objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar el efecto sobre la hemoglobina (Hb) y el hematocrito (Hto) de la hormonoterapia neoadyuvante previa a la cirugía radical en el cáncer de próstata localizado. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: 47 pacientes con cáncer de próstata clínicamente localizado, recibieron bloqueo androgénico completo (BAC) con análogos LH-RH más flutamida, durante un mínimo de 3 meses antes de la prostatectomía radical. Se realizó un estudio hematológico básico antes de iniciar el BAC y 3 meses después de la hormonoterapia y se valoraron los requerimientos transfusionales perioperatorios. El análisis estadístico se realizó mediante el test de la t de Student para datos pareados para valorar cambios significativos. RESULTADOS: Todos los pacientes (100 por ciento) de nuestro estudio presentaron un descenso en los niveles de Hb y de Hto después de 3 meses de BAC. El descenso medio de Hb fue 1,9 g/dl (rango de 1,6-2,2) p:0,0001 y del Hto de 5,8 (rango de 4,8-6,8) p:0,0001. La Hb fue inferior a 12 g/dL en el 10,6 de los pacientes después de la hormonoterapia y la anemia fue normocítica-normocrómica. El 60 por ciento de los pacientes requirieron una transfusión perioperatoria, con un promedio de 2 concentrados de hematíes transfundidos. CONCLUSIÓN: El BAC neoadyuvante previo a la prostatectomía radical origina un descenso significativo en los niveles de Hb y de Hto después de 3 meses de tratamiento. Este descenso puede contribuir a aumentar los requerimientos transfusionales perioperatorios, en un grupo de pacientes sometidos a una intervención agresiva que de por sí conlleva pérdidas sanguíneas importantes (AU)

[Effect of antibiotic treatment on PSA and percentage of free PSA in patients with biochemical criteria of prostatic biopsy]. / Efecto del tratamiento antibiótico sobre el PSA y porcentaje de PSA libre en pacientes con criterios bioquímicos de biopsia prostática.

INTRODUCTION: PSA serum level measurement in the most important tool in the early diagnosis of prostate cancer patients. However, it is recognised it low specificity is due mainly to prostatic benign diseases. Although it is known that inflammation can contribute on this lack of specificity, there is disagreement in the effect of no symptomatic prostatic inflammatory focus on total PSA and percent free PSA serum levels. AIM: To analyse the biological variability in total PSA and percent free PSA serum levels in patients with biochemical criteria of prostatic biopsy and to compare them with the antibiotic induced variability in a previous urinary infections cohort patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We analysed 60 patients with previous urinary infections, normal digital rectal examination and PSA between 4 and 20 ng/ml. We measured total PSA and percent free PSA serum levels. Thirty were treated with 3 weeks of ofloxacin and following a new marker determination. Sextant ultrasound guided prostatic biopsy was performed in all cases. RESULTS: 45 patients demonstrated BPH (29 with prostatitis) and 15 prostate cancer (T1c). Significant variations were found on total PSA serum levels (6.97 ng/ml vs 5.82 ng/ml, p = 0.001) and percent free PSA (14.73% vs 17.77%, p = 0.01) only in treated patients. These differences were significant in BPH and BPH with prostatitis patients but not in prostate cancer patients. Treated patients trend was to decrease PSA (13 treated patients shown PSA < 4 ng/ml vs 2 control patients) and to increase percent free PSA. The median variation of percent free PSA was higher than total PSA and was not influenced by PSA level or prostatic volume. Taking 25 as cut-off of percent free PSA, 18.3% of prostatic biopsies could be avoided in the first determination and 20% in the second. Adding the total PSA reduction, 56% of prostates biopsies in the treated patients could be avoided. CONCLUSIONS: Biochemical criteria of prostatic biopsy could be modified in patients with previous urinary infections due to higher variations on serum markers than those explained by biological variations. These variations could be induced by the antibiotic treatment. These results suggested that the inflammatory focus could influence on total PSA and percent free PSA serum levels.

[Uretero-colonic fistula in non-functioning ureter]. / Fístula uretero-colónica en uréter desfuncionalizado.

OBJECTIVE: To present a case of ureterocolonic fistula secondary to acute sigmoid diverticulitis in a nonfunctioning ureter due to a previous nephrectomy. METHODS/RESULTS: A 68-year-old patient that had undergone nephrectomy due to xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis two years earlier, consulted for long-standing non-specific abdominal pain. Radiological evaluation showed a pneumogram pattern in the ureteral stump associated to a pelvic mass. The patient underwent surgery for a suspected uretero-intestinal fistula. The intraoperative findings and anatomopathological study demonstrated a uretero-sigmoid fistula due to diverticular disease of colon. CONCLUSIONS: Uretero-intestinal fistulas present unimportant clinical features. Radiological assessment and a clinical suspicion are important to diagnosis.

[Incidental diagnosis of bladder carcinoma]. / Diagnóstico incidental del carcinoma vesical.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the prognostic factors of incidentally diagnosed bladder carcinomas with special reference to the complementary diagnostic tests. METHODS: 308 cases of carcinoma of the bladder were reviewed. These were divided into two groups: those that had been diagnosed on the basis of the clinical features and those that had been incidentally detected. The prognostic factors of size, grade, histological type, and pathological stage were analyzed. RESULTS: Local tumor stage was the only statistically significant prognostic factor. 14.7% of the superficial and 3.6% of the infiltrating carcinomas had been incidentally diagnosed. Ultrasound was the most frequently utilized diagnostic method (87.2%). CONCLUSIONS: In our series, the incidentally diagnosed carcinoma of the bladder has a higher probability of being a superficial lesion than those that are symptomatic and therefore the prognosis is better. Since ultrasound was the most frequently utilized diagnostic method, it might be advisable to assess the bladder in patients undergoing abdominal ultrasound evaluation.

[Predictive factors of locally advanced disease in patients with prostatic cancer treated with neoadjuvant hormone therapy and radical prostatectomy]. / Factores predictivos de enfermedad localmente avanzada en pacientes con cáncer de próstata tratados con hormonoterapia neoadyuvante y prostatectomía radical.

AIM: To analyze the predictors of local adverse pathological findings (positive surgical margins and seminal involvement) in prostate cancer patients treated with neoadjuvant hormonotherapy and radical prostatectomy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We studied seventy-eight patients treated with neoadjuvant androgen blockade prior to radical prostatectomy between 1995 and 1998. Age, PSA, prostate volume determined by transrectal ultrasound and/or magnetic resonance imaging, clinical stage, Gleason score, duration of blockade, pathological stage and tumoral volume were analyzed. RESULTS: 34.6% of patients (27/78) had adverse pathology (odds: 0.53). No significant differences were found in age, PSA, prostate volume, duration of blockade and Gleason score between organ-confined and locally advanced patients. Differences were found in tumor volume (p = 0.0001) but this was not different in order to positive or negative digital rectal examination (p = 0.5334). The efficacy for predicting pathological adverse findings was represented by ROC curves (PSA: 0.628, clinical stage: 0.612 and Gleason score: 0.545). Predictive table of extracapsular disease for different PSA levels, clinical stage and Gleason score were developed. No variable predicted positive margins in logistic regression model. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical variables do not predict locally advanced disease in prostate cancer patients treated with neoadjuvant androgen blockade. This is associated with higher tumor volumes. The probability of positive margins or seminal involvement increases with PSA level and Gleason score.

Factores predictivos de enfermedad localmente avanzada en pacientes con cáncer de próstata tratados con hormonoterapia neoadyuvante y prostatectomía radical / Predictors of local adverse pathological findings in prostate cancer before neoadjuvant androgen with drawal therapy and radical prostatectomy

OBJETIVO: Analizar los factores predictivos de la enfermedad localmente avanzada (márgenes positivos y afectación seminal) en pacientes con cáncer de próstata tratados con hormonoterapia neoadyuvante y prostatectomía radical. PACIENTES Y MÉTODO: Se evalúan 78 pacientes tratados con bloqueo completo neoadyuvante y cirugía radical desde 1995 hasta 1998. Se analizan la edad, el PSA inicial, el volumen prostático determinado mediante ecografía transrectal y/o resonancia magnética, el estadio clínico, el grado de Gleason, el tiempo de bloqueo, el estadio patológico y el volumen tumoral. RESULTADOS: El 34,6 por ciento de los pacientes (27/78) presentaron márgenes positivos o afectación seminal (Odds: 0,53). No existieron diferencias significativas en la edad, el PSA inicial, el volumen prostático, el tiempo de bloqueo ni el grado de Gleason entre los pacientes con tumor órgano-confinado o localmente avanzado. Si existieron diferencias en el volumen tumoral (p = 0,0001). No obstante, el volumen tumoral no fue diferente en los pacientes con enfermedad palpable o no palpable (p = 0,5334). La eficacia para predecir los hallazgos patológicos adversos fue representada mediante curvas ROC (PSA: 0,628, estadio clínico: 0,612 y Gleason: 0,545). Se crearon tablas predictivas de la afectación extraprostática con diversos niveles de corte de PSA, estadio clínico y grado de Gleason. En el modelo de regresión logística ninguna de las variables analizadas demostró poder predecir de manera independiente la existencia de los márgenes positivos. CONCLUSIÓN: Las actuales variables clínicas no permiten predecir de manera fidedigna la existencia de enfermedad localmente avanzada en los pacientes tratados con neoadyuvancia. Esta se asocia, no obstante, a volúmenes tumorales grandes. La probabilidad de márgenes positivos o afectación seminal aumenta con la concentración de PSA y con el grado de Gleason (AU)